The world of microprocessors is the world of the semiconductor, a material that is neither a conductor nor an insulator. A semiconductor can be made to perform electronically encoded instructions in microscopic environments.

A conductor is a material that allows electrical current to pass through is because it has many free electrons to act as a transfer medium. Free electrons are electrons that have become dislodged from the outer shell of an atom. If a material cannot support the flow of electrical current, it is called an insulator. Insulators are materials that contain relatively few free electrons.

Some material may or may not pass electricity, depending on their purity. These materials are called semiconductors. Silicon is an example of a material that exhibits the properties of a semiconductor. Silicon by itself holds on to its electrons quite strongly as is naturally neutral: neither a conductor nor an insulator. Silicone with phosphorus impurities, known as N-type silicon, has a negative charge because of its free electrons. Phosphorus has more electrons than does the silicon atom; phosphorus has donor electrons that do not find a place to bind and therefore become free electrons. Silicon containing born impurities, known as P-type silicon, lacks electrons, and that results in a positive charge. Boron has fewer bond electrons that silicon and leaves holes in the silicon’s electron structure. The holes behave like a positively charged particle. So when silicon is mixed with phosphorus or boron, the silicon can be made into either an insulator or conductor. This property makes it an ideal material for transistors and other electronic components.

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