In January 2006, NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft sped away from Earth as the fastest spacecraft ever launched. Earlier this year, New Horizons passed the halfway point to its far-flung primary target, the Pluto system. In March 2011, the craft will pass the orbit of Uranus and begin the last long leg of its cruise – the almost billion-mile journey across the space between Uranus and Neptune.

New Horizons will reach the Pluto system – more than 3 billion miles from home – on July 14, 2015, fifty years to the day after NASA’s Mariner 4 mission inaugurated the close-up imaging of the planets with its Mars flyby. And in the months and weeks surrounding the Pluto close approach, New Horizons will reconnoiter the dwarf planet and its retinue of three known moons in greater detail than any previous first flyby of a planet by any spacecraft.

After completing its tasks at Pluto, New Horizons will fire its engines and change course to make the first of what will hopefully be two flybys of small (25- to 30-mile-wide) but ancient Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs).

The exploration of the terra incognita of the Kuiper Belt and its most famous planet will provide important insights into the formation history of the giant planets, the architecture of our solar system, the nature of comets, and even the manner in which Earth and Mars may have acquired water and other volatile compounds. Moreover, New Horizons will reveal the nature of a new and populous class of planets – the ice dwarfs, which have never been explored despite 50 years of robotic surveys of the terrestrial and giant planets. By the time New Horizons completes its mission in 2019 or 2020, it will have opened up our system’s third and most distant region to spacecraft exploration and, we hope, rewritten textbooks.

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